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1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

The most widely used protocol on the web for request-response communication. Pattern: Synchronous request/response Transport: TCP Stateless: Yes Use Cases: Web APIs (REST), websites, microservices communication Protocols on top: REST, GraphQL, gRPC (over HTTP/2)

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2. WebSocket

A full-duplex communication protocol over a single, long-lived TCP connection. Pattern: Bidirectional streaming Transport: TCP (via HTTP handshake) Stateful: Yes Use Cases: Real-time apps like chat, gaming, live dashboards Compared to HTTP: Persistent and allows server push

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3. gRPC

A high-performance RPC framework using HTTP/2 and Protocol Buffers. Pattern: Client-server, supports streaming and unary calls Transport: HTTP/2 Efficient: Binary data (Protobuf) Use Cases: Internal service communication, mobile/backend APIs

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4. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

A lightweight Pub/Sub protocol optimized for unreliable or low-bandwidth networks. Pattern: Publish-Subscribe Transport: TCP/IP Features: QoS levels, retained messages, last will Use Cases: IoT devices, telemetry, sensors

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5. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)

A binary, application-layer protocol for message-oriented middleware. Pattern: Supports both Point-to-Point and Pub/Sub Transport: TCP Features: Queues, topics, routing, transactions Used By: RabbitMQ, Apache Qpid

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6. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

Protocol for sending email between servers. Pattern: Push (store-and-forward) Transport: TCP (port 25/587) Use Cases: Email services

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7. XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)

An XML-based messaging protocol. Pattern: Publish-Subscribe, Chat Transport: TCP Use Cases: Instant messaging, presence systems (e.g., Jabber)

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Summary